Electricity reforms and technlogy development in Utilities especially in India have been long due.Those utilities who have had an interacrtion and Progressive policies of development of Tecnologies are in far better place than those who depended on Vendors to upgrade themselves.THe reason is not far to seek. Utiity has certain requirements which only they themselves can address or seek help from their former emplyees who they help turn as entrepreneurs.All other frameworks have been failures or at best suboptimal

Management Institutes can conduct such case studies and come up with samre conclusion.In India Failure of the RAPDRP programme is because the utilities tried to develop vendors for each and every thing.Those utilities who developed their own departments and they are two in Number have been far more successful than the rest. In the process they have developed substantial capacities in related engineering deciplines.This is also the model which is followed by ESKOM of SouthAfrica a very successful utility. It is lesson for various utilities in USA and elsewhere how not to undertake technical upgradation of their operations.